The Superiority of Word Processor to Paper and Pencil an Example by

The Superiority of Word Processor to Paper and Pencil Paper and pencil was long ago the original means of documentation, the advent of electronics means in the late 1960s by IBM (International Business Machine) generated arguments on the economic implications to the manufacturers of paper and pencil. Despite the invention of easy documentation and swift processing to finishing hard copy, it is of note worthy that the importance of pencil and paper usage in documenting data is still of importance in the present world. Need essay sample on "The Superiority of Word Processor to Paper and Pencil" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Though some may insist that recording data with word processor is superior to pencil and paper, I still question the persistent flying around of paper and pencil in the country and even in nations abroad in terms of existence far back in the beginning, paper and pencil has been in use and its place so far has not been occupied with the advent of word processor. This simply emphasizes that the word of documentation can hardly do without the ancient material. Even the so called word processor would need manuscript collection before the final input to electronic word processor software in computer system. In this regard, word processor is somehow dependant on paper and pencil instructions from the author. The appreciation of the use of word processor on the other hand must be pronounced. Excellence in documentation in the recent world requires direct slotting of data into computer system right away without holding paper and pencil. I still argue that the time consumed in multiple exercise of thinking, typing and editing equate the time spend on word processor to manual writing. May be they are right anyway, since the paper and pencil application would still require the touch of electronic word processing before final produce into circulating copies. One wonders how long it will take to produce handy copy of speech presentation to thousand of audience in a conference. Weighing the two sides, my unbiased view would agree with the category of intellectuals that believe in the superiority of word processor to paper and pencil. Reference The New York Times, September 12, 1972

Rates of Change Worksheets with Solutions

Rates of Change Worksheets with Solutions Prior to working with rates of change, one should have an understanding of basic algebra, a variety of constants and non-constants ways in which a dependent variable can change with respect to changes in a second independent variable. It is also recommended that one has experience calculating slope and slope intercepts. The rate of change is a measure of how much one variable changes for a given change of a second variable, which is, how much one variable grows (or shrinks) in relation to another variable. The following questions require you to calculate the rate of change. Solutions are provided in the PDF. The speed at which a variable changes over a specific amount of time is considered the rate of change. Real life problems as those presented below require an understanding of calculating the rate of change. Graphs and formulas are used to calculate rates of change. Finding the average rate of change is similar to a slope of the secant line that passes through two points. Here are 10 practice questions below to test your understanding of rates of change. You will find PDF solutions here and at the end of the questions. Questions The distance a race car travels around a track during a race is measured by the equation: s(t)2t25t Where t is the time in seconds and s is the distance in meters. Determine the car’s average speed: During the first 5 secondsBetween 10 and 20 seconds.25 m from the start Determine the instantaneous speed of the car: At 1 secondAt 10 secondsAt 75 m The amount of medicine in a milliliter of a patient’s blood is given by the equation:M(t)t-1/3 t2Where M is the amount of medicine in mg, and t is the number of hours passed since administration.Determine the average change in medicine: In the first hour.Between 2 and 3 hours.1 hour after administration.3 hours after administration. Examples of rates of change are used daily in life and include but are not limited to: temperature and time of day, rate of growth over time, rate of decay over time, size and weight, increases and decreases of stock over time, cancer rates of growth, in sports rates of change are calculated about players and their statistics. Learning about rates of change usually begins in high school and the concept is then re-visited in calculus. There are often questions about the rate of change on SATs and other college entry assessments in mathematics. Graphing calculators and online calculators also have the ability to calculate a variety of problems involving the rate of change.

Nursing and the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing and the Media - Essay Example The media can either positively or negatively influence the public image of nursing depending on the stories, news, or advertisements on nursing broadcasted to the public. The media can positively impact on the public image of nursing through broadcasting shows/films of nurses working to save victims of natural disasters like earthquakes and hurricanes and news stories relating to nurses importance to a safer public positively affected nursing and aided in augmenting respect for nurses (Donelan et al., 2008). However, news. Films, or advertisements on nurse’s strikes and nurses not taking their duty well in terms of caring for the patients and participating in unethical behavior endangering the lives of the patient's results in a negative public image of nurses. News relating to nurse shortage and the general outlook on nursing as a career does not positively or negatively impact on the public image of nurses (Donelan et al., 2008). Avenues of educating the general public include nurses writing articles in newspapers aimed at informing the public regarding nursing roles and scope and changing health care system. Other avenues include posting and circulation of nursing accomplishments, making announcements in dailies, nurses speaking to civic and community groups on nursing roles and responsibilities. Other avenues are posting online in blogs and on social media sites and contacting media outlets and program developers on the need to portray nursing in a positive manner and in the true light of nursing roles and scope.

Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Portfolio - Essay Example The graduate employers find it hard to fill up the vacancies in spite of receiving innumerable applicants because of the shortage of good quality graduates. It is now utmost important for the applicant to consider what constitute the good quality graduates. However, there has been a shift in the preferences and expectations of the employer when it comes to graduates and the skills that they suppose them to possess. The organisations prefer to have people with firm or industry specific knowledge (Scribd, n.d.). Preferred Job Area After completion of my graduation, I wish to work as a ‘Human Resource Officer’. The respective field has been chosen as I have always been interested in the Human Resource related activities. The task of the human resource officer is to provide advice and implement policies that relates to the effective use of the personnel within the organisation. The main aim of the human resource officer is to ensure that the organisation employs right balanc e of the staffs according to their knowledge and skills. They also need to check if the training and development opportunities are made available to the employees in order to enhance their performances. The human resource officer needs to have a clear understanding of what the objective of the employers business is and they must be able to make and implement the policies that helps to select, develop as well as retain the correct staff which is required to meet these objectives. There has been change in the character of the HR professionals. The nature of the work of the human resource profession varies according to the organisation. However, it is likely to include working in tandem with the departments, liaising with the wide range of people that is involved in the policy areas such as staff performance, their health and safety, negotiating with the staffs and their representatives on matters related to the pay and condition, administering the payroll and the maintenance of the em ployee record (Prospects, 2010). Various organisations offers HR Officers job in the UK. Few of them are United Response, Huntress Search Limited and Candidate Source Limited (Monster, 2010). United Response is a charity that works across England and Wales. It caters support to the people who have various disabilities (United Response, 2010). The recruitment process of the United Response is quite simple. The candidate needs to register online. The candidate will be required to answer few simple questions and then they can either qualify for an interview on the day of recruitment or on some other day (United Response, 2010). Huntress is one of the most creative, active and rapidly growing recruitment groups. It is a multi award wining company having 18 centres in the UK. It is soon going to expand its operation both internationally and domestically (Huntress Commercial, n.d.). The company requires that the candidate should have certain kind of generalist HR experience and must be ab le to deal with various kinds of HR issues (Monster, n.d.). Networx is another famous company based in the UK, Leicestershire. The company work together with the clients and the candidates and tries to deliver a qualitative professional service that not only focus upon the time and the cost efficiency, but also put stress upon the

What's in a Name Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What's in a Name - Essay Example Such a move is described as customer driven since it puts the interests of the customer at the fore front. According to the articles history, most celebrities have found it difficult to find a suitable name for their children. This has made them to adopt funny names that may have an impact in the child’s life. By capitalizing on this situation, Maryanna expects to serve new parents who are unable to come up with good names. In overall, parents and new born are her target market. Maryanna would receive a lot of competition from companies that manufacture baby care products. It is evident that such companies have their own name experts who are charged with the responsibility of naming baby products. Baby products are always required to be in sync with catchy names. Such names may form clues to parents on how to name their children (Osborn, 2009, p.245). By being able to name children on their own, the parents won’t need those services of Maryanna thereby threatening her business. There are other companies that specialize in naming celebrity children. Such companies pose a great challenge to Maryanna since they are engaged in the same line of business. Such situations may lead to one of them diversifying into other fields thereby incurring unwanted costs (Osborn, 2009,

The Ten Principles of Economics

The Ten Principles of Economics PART 1: Principle 1: PEOPLE FACE TRADEOFFS: To get something one has to sacrifice other thing. For example, a country can spend its maximum resources for its defence but at the same time, it has to sacrifice the maximum spending for the country welfare. A society also faces tradeoffs between the Efficiency and Equity. The government generally tax rich people so that it can get the money from them and use it for the welfare of the poor people; this brings the equity but reduced the efficiency. (Mankiw,2003,p.5) Principles 2: THE COST OF SOMETHING IS WHAT YOU GIVE UP TO GET IT: Since we do tradeoffs, the people generally find out the cost and benefits that their action going to incur. For an action, one has to sacrifice something. For example: I have come here to do post-graduation but I had to sacrifice my server administrator job. A cost that given up to get something known as the opportunity cost. My opportunity cost is server administrator job, money, and time, which I had given up for the post-graduation. (Mankiw,2003,pp.56) Principle 3: RATIONAL PEOPLE THINK AT THE MARGIN: (Refer appendix (a)) One always does small changes in their plan of action to achieve maximum benefits from the process. (Mankiw,2003,p.6) This small change known as the marginal changes as it take place around edges. For example: A student who is enrolled for 1 year of education, if he/she add one more year to its study, they will be able to apply for permanent residency which incur as additional benefits but with this come the additional costs of college fees, time etc. Comparison of marginal benefits and marginal cost will be able to help you in taking the decision. Principle 4: PEOPLE RESPOND TO INCENTIVES: Behaviour of any person or firm changes according to the environmental variables like benefits or cost changes. For example: If the cost of the orange increases then the consumer will shift towards apples, as cost of orange is high. (Mankiw,2003,p.7) Principle 5: TRADE CAN MAKE EVERYONE BETTER OFF: Trade is taking place between the products that countries own not between the countries. (Chapter 1,p.4) (Refer appendix (b)) Trading between parties makes goods cheaper. For example: Trade between country A and country B will help both the countries to get goods of one another and help them to expertise in what they are good at producing. Principle 6: MARKETS ARE USUALLY A GOOD WAY TO ORGANIZE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: Market Economy is the concept where a centralise judgment planner is substituted by judgement of millions of households and firms. The place where the households and firm can communicate with each other for services and goods is known as market and it is taken place under the influence of the price and self-interest, which helps them to take decision. For example: Taxes that impose by the government always change the goods price and decision of producer and consumers. (Mankiw,2003,p.9) Principle 7: GOVERNMENTS CAN SOMETIMES IMPROVE MARKET OUTCOMES: When a market fails to distribute the resources efficiently, it is known as market failure, which decreases efficiency. Government impose some rules to improve the market.(Mankiw,2003,p.11) For example: When the Australian government, impose carbon tax on the emission of the carbon, which will makes the firm to emit less carbon, which results in less pollution. (Kirk,2010) Principle 8: A COUNTRYS STANDARD OF LIVING DEPENDS ON ITS ABILITY TO PRODUCE GOODS AND SERVICES: The living standard in the country is depends upon the country producing capacity. In country where, more goods and service are produced in a unit time there standard of living is high as compared to the people with less productivity. For example: Living standard of a U.S. citizen is better than living standard of Mexican and Nigerian citizen as a U.S. citizen earn more than those two citizen. . (Mankiw,2003,p.12) Principle 9: PRICES RISE WHEN THE GOVERNMENT PRINTS TOO MUCH MONEY: Inflation is the state in which the price level increases in the economy. Inflation occurs when the supply of the money, which is under the hood of government, increased drastically in compare to the accessibility of services and goods in the markets.(Chapter 1, p.6) When the government produce high quantity of nations money, than it has lose its value. For example: When in Germany the average price of the commodity is tripling every month so the production of money is also tripling every month. .(Mankiw,2003,p.14) Principle 10: SOCIETY FACES A SHORT-RUN TRADEOFF BETWEEN INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT: Policy that are making, to reduce the inflation led to increase in unemployment and policy to reduce unemployment led to increase in inflation this properly describe in Philip curve. This concept ends in 1970 when inflation and unemployment co-existed at their maximum peak. (TEN (10),p.3) The relationship between the inflation and unemployment is temporary. (Mankiw,2003,p.14) Answer 2: The study, which deals with the choices made by an individual and business, the way in which this choices are communicate with each other in a market environment and the effect of the government on them, is known as Microeconomics. Example: Study of people behaviour of buying more laptops? The study, which deals with the performance of the global economy and the national economy, is known as Macroeconomics. Example: Government rule and taxation on particular goods. (McTaggart,Findlay,andParkin2007,p.4). Key player, which are present in the market environment, are the producer, consumer and the government. Decision of the producer to produce goods, entering or exiting the market comes under the microeconomics, which is the individual decision of firm.(OECD,p.34) A firm will always take a decision to maximize its profit. Regulations made by the government, affect firm decision, as unnecessary restriction will increases firms cost and decreases its productivity, which results in the firm loss comes under macroeconomics. (Loayza,p.6) PART 2: Answer 3: Supply curve: A supply curve is the curve, which shows the relationship between the price of the goods and the quantity supplied when all the elements acting on the producer scheduled sales remains the same. Supply curve is upward sloping. (McTaggart,Findlay,andParkin2007,p.66). In Figure-1, as the price is increasing the supply of the apples are also increasing for 0.40 supply was 1,000 and for 0.60 supply was 2000. This implies that it follows the law of supply. Price ($ per pound) Apples per day (pounds) supplied 0.40 1000 0.60 2000 0.80 3000 Figure-1 Source: Collins Karen Demand curve: A demand curve shows the relationship between the price of the goods and the quantity demanded when all the elements acting on the consumers schedule buying remain the same. Demand curve is downward sloping. (McTaggart,Findlay,andParkin2007,p.62). In Figure-2, as the price is decreasing the demand of the apples are increasing for 0.80 demand was 1,500 and for 0.40 demand was 2,500. This implies that it follows the law of demand. Price ($ per pound) Apples per day (pounds) demanded 0.80 1500 0.60 2000 0.40 2500 Figure-2 Source: Collins Karen Equilibrium of a market: When two opposite forces balance each other, this state is known as the Equilibrium state. Market equilibrium is the state when the buyer and seller both of them are satisfied with the price of the commodity. Condition that satisfies the equilibrium is that, when the demand of the quantity is equal to the supply of the quantity. (McTaggart,Findlay,andParkin2007,p.70). In Figure-3, the intersection point of the demand curve and the supply curve is the equilibrium point where the apples demanded is equal to the apples supplied. Price ($ per pound) Apples per day (pounds) demanded Apples per day (pounds) supplied 0.80 1500 1000 0.60 2000 2000 0.40 2500 3000 Figure-3 Source: Collins Karen Answer 4: A chemical equilibrium is the state at which the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. (Refer appendix (c)) This simply tells us that the rate of forming of the products is equal to the rate of forming of the reactants. (sparknotes,2009) For example: N2+3H2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ 2NH3 The reaction shows us that when hydrogen reacts with nitrogen they form the ammonia gas, NH3. During the first interaction between the nitrogen and hydrogen in the chamber, ammonia is generated. When the concentration of ammonia increases the ammonia gas start to breakdown into the nitrogen and hydrogen. When the rate of forming of ammonia is equal to the rate of decomposition of the ammonia then that state is known as the equilibrium state. (Refer appendix (d)) (Chemistry Explained,2010) When we contrast the concept of the chemical equilibrium to the concept of the economics they are the same as both the equilibriums need one condition to satisfy quantity demanded = quantity supplied, (Refer appendix (e)). At the equilibrium, the forward reaction, which is to equivalent to the quantity demanded in economics, is satisfied by the reverse reaction, which is equivalent to the quantity supplied in economics. In economics for quantity demand, there is always supply of goods, which is never ending process as in chemical reaction at equilibrium state it is also a never-ending process. Equilibrium is very important in economics because if there is no equilibrium than there will be shortage or surplus of the goods which will results higher price for goods or lower price of goods, which will make both the consumer and producer unhappy as at the equilibrium stage the price that a seller will be happy to sell its good and a buyer is happy to pay for it. (McTaggart,Findlay,andParkin2007). Answer 5: D TCS S=MC Price P* E(D=S) S D=MB TPS Q* Quantity Graph 5(i) For resource allocation we have to prove MB (marginal benefits)=MC(marginal costs) and maximum welfare = Consumer surplus + Produces surplus. In the Graph 5(i), We have supply curve S, which also represent marginal cost, and demand curve D, which also represent marginal benefits. The intersection of the curve D and S is the equilibrium that is where demand = supply which also means the marginal benefits = marginal costs. At this point the P* and the Q* is the price and quantity that will be our competitive outcome. In DES, (TCS) for the consumer surplus, P*ED represent the total consumer surplus that is maximum consumer benefits and for the (TPS) producer benefits it is the P*ES represent the total producer surplus that is maximum producer benefits. Because P* and the Q* is the competitive outcome as E is the point of equilibrium. P*ED and P*ES is congruent as DP*=SP* and angle DP*E=SP*E (P* is the mid-point of SD) In Graph 5 (i), we have proven that marginal benefits= marginal cost is the efficient outcone. Any government intervention like tax or subsidy is harmful to economy because as Taxes in the economy makes the buyer to pay more and seller to get less. Therefore, it will make the producer to produce less that is that will lead to the underproduction of the product. Subsidies that are given to producer by the government lessen the cost paid by the buyers and seller receives the high price. Therefore it will lead to produce more so over production. D TCS S=MC D S Price P* E(D=S) D3 D2 S D=MB TPS Q1 Q* Q2 Quantity Graph 5 (ii) In Graph 5 (ii), competitive outcome is P* and Q*. It shows that D2DE, is the part which we are losing (Dead weight loss) as Marginal CostMarginal Benefits, firm is producing Q2quantity, that is firm is over producing, right of Q* firm will produce more quantity. In both the cases we are deviating from the competitive outcome so it is inefficient. (McTaggart,Findlay,andParkin2007,pp.114 116). PART 3: Answer 6: When some of the free market is not able to allocate the resources proficiently then it is a market failure. (Mankiw,2003,p.151). It can be, the resources are under allocated so goods are under produced and vice-versa. The Pollution problem resulting to global warming is example of market failure.(Market Failure,2010) To overcome this situation the government can comes with some rules and regulation. For example: Australian government impose the tax on the carbon emission known as carbon tax. There is a belief in this step that, to avoid the extra tax or money to pay the people will choose to emit less carbon, which will result in the reduction in the national emissions. (Brook Barry,2009) Answer 7: I think governments tend to interfere in economic activity more than what economic theory recommends because there is always a debate between the efficiency and equity. Efficiency is a concept telling us, what is the maximum amount of output a society gets from its scarce resources. Equity is dealing with the equally distribution of the economic outcome fairly among the society. (Mankiw,2003,p.5).For this thing to explain, I am taking example of Australian Government. The government introduces the mining tax and provide an argument, that the Australian people are the candidate to receive maximum share of the profits generated by the mining. This mining tax come into action, as the mining company pay royalties to state government, which is 40% of their profits, in 2001, but in present they are paying less than 20%. (Mining Tax) Answer 8: A fundamental right of every personal, to manage their individual property and labour, is known as Economic freedom. An individual person is free to consume, produce, work, and do the investment in their way, in economically free society and protection of the freedom is by state. Movement of goods, capital, and labour is free in the economically free society. To measure index of economic freedom we measure ten modules of economic freedom on the scale of 0 to 100, 100 being the maximum freedom. The 10 modules score is totalled and average is taken out for the every country, which is index of economic freedom. Economic freedom modules, which are used for the measurement of economic freedom index are, freedom of business: free to operate the business, freedom of trade, fiscal freedom, spending of government, freedom on monetary, freedom of investment, freedom in finance, property rights, freedom from corruptions and labour freedom.(2010IndexofECONOMICFREEDOM) Four countries that have moved up the scale in 2010: New Zealand, Switzerland, Japan, Sweden. Four countries that have moved down the scale in 2010: Hong Kong, Singapore, India, United States. (RankingtheCountries,2010) Answer 9: Australia stand on the third position in the Economic Freedom Index scale of 2010. Its overall score of 82.6 in 2009 remain unchanged in the 2010 as it did not move up or down in the scale of index. Good macroeconomics policies help the Australian economy to survive the recent financial crisis. (Australia,2010) For further improvement in the Australian business environment, we can use supply chain intelligence in the business (DysonEvelynLaurel), use of the business excellence framework, (BusinessExcellence,2010) improving the environment. PART 4: Answer 10). S I1 P2 E2 P1 E Price E3 D2 P3 I2 D3 D1 Q3 Q1 Q2 Quantity Æ’Â   Graph 10 (i) In perfectly competitive grocery market, under short run, the numbers of firms are constant and each firm has certain plant size. In the Graph 10(i), D1 is a demand curve and S is the supply curve of grocery industry. E is the equilibrium point, and P1 and Q1 are equilibrium price and the quantity of grocery industry. If, there is change in demand then there is also change in the short-run equilibrium. When the demand of grocery increases (I1), the demand curve will shift towards right, D2, E2 is the new equilibrium point with equilibrium price P2 and equilibrium quantity Q2 it the point when the firm will maximize the profit by maximizing the output. When the demand of grocery decreases (I2), the demand curve will shift towards left, D3, E3 is the new equilibrium point with equilibrium price P3 and equilibrium quantity Q3 it the point when the firm will maximize the profit by decreasing the output. If demand curve shift more left than D3 than firm in grocery industry, will temporari ly close down its facility or will continue to produce Q3 quantity by bearing loss. S1 I1 P1 E1 S0 P0 E0 Price D Q1 Q0 Quantity à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Graph 10 (ii) In the Graph 10(ii), any price above the P0, firm in grocery industry will make economic profit and below P0, economic loss and at P0 zero economic profit. Demand curve is D. Supply curve of the grocery industry is S1, so things sold at P1 with Q1 quantity will produce economic profit and attract the other new firm. As new firm enter, supply will increase, so grocery industry supply curve will shift right (I1) to S0. As the demand is unchanged, market price will drop from P1 to P0 but quantity produce is Q1 to Q0 (increases). Therefore, economic profit of exiting firm in a grocery industry decreases but output from grocery industry increases. For the consumer: The consumer will able to get the grocery at lower price. (McTaggart,Findlay,andParkin2007,pp.234235). Answer 11). Using Kinked Demand Curve Model: Assumption: If the firm1 in grocery industry, increases its price than the firm2 will not follow but firm1 decreases than firm2 will also decreases its price P MC1 MC0 Price A B D MR Q Quantity Graph 11(i): In the Graph 11(i), the firm in the grocery industry having the Graph 11(i). Therefore, P is the price for the market, and D is the demand curve of the firm. If the firm increase its price P, then that firm will see that there is a greater decrease in its quantity sold because the other firm is not going to increase the price. If the firm sell, its goods below price P than there is little increase in the goods selling as other firm will also cut there price. As the demand curve is kinked so the MR, Marginal revenue is having a break AB. Maximum profit of the firm is generated at quantity Q as the marginal cost (MC) = marginal revenue (MR) i.e. intersection of MR and MC at gap AB. If there is fluctuation of MC between the A and B, the firm is not going to modify its quantity or price. If the fluctuation takes place outside the AB, so firm going to change its price and quantity. Small change in the cost is not having greater effect on price or quantity. (McTaggart,Findlay,andParkin2007 ,p.288). If the two firms collude than it may happen that, they cheat or comply with each other. In the below table after applying game theory and players are two firm, firm1 and firm2 and they play for once. FIRM1: If firm 2 cheats, and if firm 1 cheats it gets 2M and if it comply than it loses 3M so 2M is better. If firm 2 comply and if firm 1 cheats it get 8M and if it comply than it gain 4M, so 8M is better than 4M. Therefore, it tells that the Firm1 should cheats. FIRM2: If firm 1 cheats, and if firm 2 cheats it gets 2M and if it comply than it loses 3M so 2M is better. If firm 1 comply and if firm 2 cheats it get 8M and if it comply than it gain 4M, so 8M is better than 4M. Therefore, it tells that the Firm2 should cheats. FIRM 1 FIRM 2 Cheat Comply Cheat (2M, 2M) (-3M,8M) Comply (8M,-3M) (4M,4M) (Playoffs: Firm1, Firm2) According to the Nash equilibrium, both of them will cheat, as the cheating is the best strategy for them and earn 2M. If the game is played for the indefinitely than the both the firm will come to know that if they comply they have better result, that is each firm will going to get 4M, which is greater than 2M. Indefinite playing will give firm to get the best outcome. (McTaggart,Findlay,andParkin2007,p.303). Answer 12). In NASH equilibrium, one company develops its best possible strategy according to the strategy adopted by another company and vice versa. Normal equilibrium where the buyer and seller both of them are satisfied with the price of the commodity. In NASH equilibrium, there is no role of price but information and strategy plays an important role but in normal equilibrium price plays an important factor to attain the equilibrium. (McTaggart,Findlay,andParkin2007).

Your Writing Style Essay -- Writing Writers Education Essays

Your Writing Style How can one person know what good style is when writing a paper? Where is it written that we as students should have to follow specific guidelines while writing? Anyone wanting to make their writing clear, precise, and simply correct will usually try following some type of guideline, or book in order to perfect their own writing style. After reading both The Elements of Style by Strunk and White, and also Williams’s Style toward Clarity and Grace I can see why teachers discuss these books as tools for correcting and perfecting their students writing, and style. While at the same time understand someone out of the classroom setting, brushes up on their skills in writing with these books before they have to complete some type of report that needs to be concrete and readable. Students and other writers should understand that while these books can be effective tools they simply are that a tool and not a style that should be studied, and copied word for word. In these two different forms of writing and style that are addressed by both authors I feel they are targeting different audiences that have two dissimilar styles. These books are great tools for perfecting our style as writers, but they should not be relied on too heavily by the writer. Everyone has a different angle of style they go for in their writing; these books simply either enhance that style, or with books like Strunk and White’s curtail that style into one of the authors. Making a style one’s own is something most writers’ struggle with in the classroom and through out their careers because there are various types of books all claiming to be the â€Å"Bible† of style. These books are all geared toward... ... broad audience develop their own style, rather than copying his. Each book can benefit a student or person struggling to find the correct writing style for them, but they should understand these are simply guidance books to be used as tools, and not only way to write and use style correctly. Their style will develop over time when they implement some of these elements/rules with their own words. Works Cited Jamison, Larry. â€Å"Assignment 3 STRUNK-A-SAURUS VS TERRA-X-WILLIAMS.† February 16, 2004. Larry Jamison’s Blog. ljamison.blogspot.com (March 7, 2004) Newsom, Paula. â€Å"No Title.† February 10, 2004. Paula Newsom’s Blog. paulanewsom.blogspot.com (March 7, 2004) Strunk, William and White, E.B. The Elements of Style. New York: Longman, 2000. Williams, Joseph. Style toward Clarity and Grace. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Corporate Bond Market in India Essay

Foreword In the rush to produce urgent policy documents and briefing notes that any government has to do, it is easy to let matters that may not be quite as urgent to go unattended. However, the not-so-urgent often includes matters of great importance for the long-run well-being of the nation and its citizenry. Research papers on topics of strategic economic policy fall in this category. The Economic Division in the Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, has initiated this Working Paper series to make available to the Indian policymaker, as well as the academic and research community interested in the Indian economy, papers that are based on research done in the Ministry of Finance and address matters that may or may not be of immediate concern but address topics of importance for India’s sustained and inclusive development. It is hoped that this series will serve as a forum that gives shape to new ideas and provides space to discuss, debate and disseminate them. Executive Summary: In this paper, we examine the factors behind underdevelopment of corporate bond market in India. We assess that one of the major bottlenecks to the development of this market lies in relatively larger costs of financing which dissuade the firms to raise finance from this avenue. We argue that the lack of transparency, inefficient market making and illiquidity of the instrument not only lead to such extra costs of financing that hampers investment in the real sector but can trap the bond market in a low level equilibrium. To alleviate such problems, we prescribe policies that ensure better production of information and increased volume of transactions that will lessen both liquidity and transparency problems and ensure efficient market making. A combination of such policies include mandatory disclosure of ratings by firms and assignment of multiple agencies for rating an issue at different points of time, minimum size of placements of (infrastructure) bonds, establishing stop loss thr eshold, among others will help breaking the trap and improve quality of issues and would eventually lead to a vibrant bond market with reduced costs of financing investment. Structure of the paper: The paper is structured in three parts. The first part, section 3 and 4 analyse how corporations finance themselves and how does the corporate bond market contribute in this process. Section 3 delves into how large Indian firms evolved in their financing pattern over the past decade. We further analyse what are some of the key drivers of such financing pattern when it comes to corporate bond markets in section 4. In section 5, we offer an analytical construct and mode that shows how liquidity, transparency and informational problems contribute not only to higher costs of financing but may create low level equilibrium trap in the bond market where few issuers, investors and market makers participate. In section 6, we summarise the policy implications of our findings and analyse what it would take for the corporate bond market to move from the current state (of low level equilibrium) to a higher level equilibrium. We examine where the policy maker might have a role to play and where th e market will respond to address its concerns spontaneously. 2. A review of how large firms in India finance themselves Our analysis about the debt market in India begins with a review about how firms in India finance themselves. Our information is necessarily restricted to the largest firms of India, those that are observed in the CMIE database. We focus on non-financial firms, so as to avoid the measurement problems of accounting data for financial firms. The `sources and uses of funds’ statement, which is the first difference of the balance sheet, yields important insights into the financing structure. Table 1: Structure of sources and uses of funds Ended 2000-01 35.2 5.7 29.5 64.6 17.2 14.4 3.5 0.5 25.5 Ended 2010-11 30.8 21.1 9.7 67.5 13.8 17.8 3.9 3.2 24.2 Component Internal Retained Earnings Depreciation External New equity Banks Bonds Foreign Current liabilities Table 1 shows the structure of the sources of funds, comparing the latest available year (2010-11) against one decade ago (2000-01). The first feature of interest is internal financing. We see a substantial reliance on internal financing: from 35.2% a decade ago to 30.8% today. To the extent that internal financing is important, it acts as a barrier against new firms who do not have pre-existing cash-flow. The hallmark of a sophisticated financial system is a substantial extent of external financing. From a normative point of view, to the extent that external financing is greater, this is likely to induce superior resource allocation and competitiveness. Turning to external financing, one important component – equity financing which was at 17.2% in 2000-01 and 13.8% in 2010-11 – is in relatively sound shape. The Indian equity market was the focus of policy makers from 1992 onwards, and substantial progress has been made. One key element – stock lending – i s as yet absent. Barring this, all sophisticated features of the worlds top equity markets are now found in India. The two Indian exchanges, NSE and BSE, rank 3rd and 5th in the global ranking by number of transactions, that is produced by the World Federation of Exchanges (WFE). The problems in India today lie in debt. Banks accounted for 14.4% of the financing of large firms in 2000-01, which went up to 17.8% in 2010-11. The bond market stagnated, with 3.5% in 2000-01 and 3.9% a decade later. Despite considerable interest in bond market development, the corporate bond market accounted for only 3.9% of the sources of funds of large Indian companies. Finally, foreign borrowing rose sharply, from roughly nothing in 2000-01 to 3.2% in 2010-11. To some extent, borrowing abroad has served as a way for Indian firms to overcome the difficulties of obtaining debt financing domestically. From a normative perspective, the picture that we see in the sources of funds is one of an excessive reliance on internal financing, a surprisingly large role for banks, and a miniscule and stagnant bond market. The next issue that we turn to is the role of secured versus unsecured borrowing. The hallmark of a sophisticated debt market is the presence of unsecured borrowing. Secured borrowing is the mainstay of a simple-minded financial system: The lender does not have to analyse the prospects of the borrower for he lends only against collateral. In contrast, unsecured borrowing requires that the lender has to understand the prospective cashflow of the borrower, which determines the extent to which the promises about future repayment may be upheld. We analyse secured versus unsecured borrowing by size quintiles, once again amongst all the non-financial firms seen in the CMIE database. In the smallest quintile, in 2001, secured borrowings were at 76.7%. A decade later, there was a small decline, to 65.37%. This shows the stubborn domination of secured borrowing, when it comes to the smallest firms. Similar patterns are found in other size quintiles also. In the fourth quintile – from the 60th percentile to the 80th percentile – secured borrowing was 84.7% in 2001 and had dropped slightly to 80% in 2011. This domination of secured borrowing suggests a debt market that has a highly limited ability (or incentive) to actually understand borrowers. Even in the top quintile of firms – roughly the 680 biggest companies of India – we do not see a meaningful extent of unsecured borrowing. In 2001, secured borrowing was 65.8%, and this dropped to 60.7% in 2011. In other words, even for the biggest firms of India, only 39% of borrowing was unsecured. The debt market was not able to analyse the prospects and give debt, based on assessment about the future, to a substantial extent to even the biggest firms in the country. This evidence shows a highly malformed debt market. The bond market is practically nonexistent in corporate financing. Forward-looking assessment is weak; even the biggest firms tend to rely on secured borrowing. 3. Key issues with Indian corporate bond market functioning The presence of corporate bond market in India is barely perceptible as compared to other economies. Despite of multiple endeavours by the government in the recent past, to revive the market, neither investors nor issuers showed any tangible interest. As a result, at least 80% of corporate bonds comprise of privately placed debt by public financial institutions. The following graph confirms inadequate growth of the bond market in India relative to the countries like US, Japan and China. Illustration – Share of Corporate Bonds in Total Debt (Source: BIS) Bond markets as well as equity market owe their difference to inherent characteristics of the instrument that underlies respective markets. The following summarise how the markets are different – Intermediaries – Market intermediaries in both bond and equity markets ensure liquidity. However the intermediaries in the bond market at present need to hold a larger amount of capital than their counterparts in the equity markets because of the larger volume of trade in each transaction. Subsequently the need to hold large inventory position is more for bond market intermediaries as compared to equity market intermediaries who have the option to do electronic limit order matching. Hence, intermediaries in the bond market are exposed to greater risks due to liquidity partly due to the absence of a secondary market where retail investors can participate along with large players. Investors – Bonds’ payoff are attractive to those who prefer predictable returns for known time horizons. As a result, bond market attracts institutional investors cautious of protecting their principal e.g. pension funds, insurers, banks, etc. This also results in relatively risk averse retail investors willing to invest in the bond market. However, casual empirical observations suggest that the share of retail investors in corporate bond market is very small. Lack of liquidity and transparency are the key reasons driving lack of investor participation in corporate bond market including retail investors. Another reason why the market for corporate bonds did not take off earlier was large scale default that undermined the system and safeguards in place. While this paper addresses how to alleviate problems of liquidity and transparency, other measures must also be adopted to reduce probability of default and increase the amount as well as speed of recovery in the event of bankruptcy. For example, it is well known that firms have a tendency to adopt excessive risky projects financed by debt due to limited liabilities. While banks can prevent such activities by placing covenants, public debt holders are powerless to do it because each owns an insignificant amount of the total debt. Many a times, the seniority of debt is debatable. On the other hand, the magnitude of the recoveries also depends on bankruptcy law which in India is very weak. Hence, strong legal systems that prevent excessively risky activities and also ensure faster resolution of bankruptcy are also preconditions for the emergence of a strong bond market. Though there might be a combination of factors that impede the growth of a vibrant corporate bond market in India, we will argue below that the lack of transparency, less liquidity and inefficient intermediation in the process of market making contribute to the current state of the market. The bullet points below succinctly summarize the impact of these three factors on the development of bond market in India. Efficiency in bond market is driven by transparency that allows bonds to be priced for all available information. Transparency in the bond market refers to the dissemination of information conveyed to all market participants 1regarding pre and post trade issues ranging from order interests to price and volume after trade is executed. Liquidity in bond market is driven by volume of bonds offered by issuers in the primary market on an on-going basis as well as the circulation of bonds in the secondary market with active investor participation. A greater the participation of investors reduces search costs of both buyers and sellers and ease liquidity problems leading to a lower discount of the bond. Liquidity problems here refer to the ease of selling the bond in a secondary market. ï‚ · Intermediaries quote both buy and sell side prices and hold inventory to enable market making. Any inefficiency in this process will be automatically reflected in the pricing of bonds and thus will adversely affect costs of borrowing of the issuers. 3.1 Transparency The Indian corporate bond market lacks both pre-trade as well as post-trade transparency. Factors limiting transparency of both primary and secondary corporate bond market are: (a) Systemic flaws in the credit rating process by the Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) enhance risk and also reduce transparency due to a constellation of a number of factors articulated below: ï‚ §Ã¯â‚¬  Right to rate the issuers of bond is not confined to entities registered as CRAs (Credit rating agencies) and currently ratings are being done by entities not registered as CRAs. These unregistered agencies rate in a manner that is not calibrated to CRA rating standards and offer rating to not just instruments but also issuing organisations. This infuses additional noise in the production of information which may force retail investors to shy away from the bond market. For example, the SMERA which rate instruments as well as organisations for small and medium industries in a manner that very often do not mee t criteria of proper rating standards.

Eusmilus - Facts and Figures

Eusmilus - Facts and Figures Name: Eusmilus (Greek for early saber); pronounced you-SMILE-us Habitat: Plains of North America and western Europe Historical Epoch: Early Oligocene (30 million years ago) Size and Weight: About six feet long and 200-300 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Six-inch-long canines; weak jaw muscles About Eusmilus Even though its technically classified as a false saber-toothed cat, Eusmilus had truly gigantic canines for its size, which at six inches or so were almost as long as its entire skull (when they werent in use, this cat kept its big teeth cozy and warm in specially adapted pouches on its lower jaw, a trait it shared with the distantly related Thylacosmilus). However, Eusmilus also had comparatively weak jaw muscleswith its huge canines, it didnt need to inflict a powerful biteand it was strangely lacking in supplementary teeth, sporting a relatively paltry two dozen or so. What this indicates is that Eusmilus hunted in traditional saber-tooth style, lying in wait in the low branches of trees, jumping and digging its lethal canines into unsuspecting prey, and then idling its time as its dinner bled to death. Technically, Eusmilus is classified as a nimravid cat, meaning it was closely related to the contemporary Nimravuswith which it competed for prey in early Oligocene Europe and North America, along with yet a third nimravid, Hoplophoneus. In case youre wondering how all of these big-toothed cats could have hunted for megafauna mammals without getting in each others way, the fact is that they didnt: one Nimravus skull bears tooth marks that exactly match the size and shape of Eusmilus canines (however, this particular individual healed from its wounds and lived to hunt another day). We even have evidence for cannibalism, or at least intra-species combat, among saber-toothed cats: another identified Nimravus skull is embedded with the canines of a fellow pack member!

How Long Is the ACT With Writing

How Long Is the ACT With Writing SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The ACT is a standardized test that requires endurance. You're asked to answer 215 multiple-choice questions subject area by subject area- a style of testing that causes fatigue for many students. The normal four-section (English, Math, Reading, Science) ACT is already lengthy, but how much longer does it get when you add on the Writing test? In this article, you'll find out just how long the ACT with Writing is,along with some actions you can take to deal with its monstrous length. Feature Image Credit:Joe Haupt/Flickr How Long Is the ACT With Writing? The first thing to think about is how long each section of the test is on the ACT Plus Writing. In the chart below, you can see the order, time, and number of questions for each ACT section, including the optional Writing (essay) section: Section Time # of Questions 1. English 45 minutes 75 2. Math 60 minutes 60 3. Reading 35 minutes 40 4. Science 35 minutes 40 5. Experimental* 20 minutes (approximately) ? 6. Writing (optional) 40 minutes 1 essay *Given to only some test takers. If you take the ACT with Writing,the time for each section (English, Math, Reading, Science, and Writing) adds up to a total of threehours and 35 minutes of test sections (excluding breaks). By contrast, the total time of the ACT without Writingis only two hours and 55 minutes.The exception to this rule is when there is an additional 20-minute unscored section ("Experimental" in the above chart) added to the ACT without Writing, raising the total test time to three hours and 15 minutes. How Long Is the ACT Plus Writing Test-Taking Experience? Just knowing the amount of time each section takes doesn't tell you the whole story. In order to get the full picture of how long the ACT with Writing is, you also have to account for breaks.Below, I've added in the two breaks that occur during the ACT Plus Writing Test: Section Time 1. English 45 minutes 2. Math 60 minutes Break 10 minutes 3. Reading 35 minutes 4. Science 35 minutes 5. Experimental* 20 minutes (approximately) Break** 5 minutes 6. Writing 40 minutes *Not scored; only administered to select studentsnottaking the ACT Plus Writing. **Only for students taking the ACT Plus Writing; all other students are free to leave. When breaks are included, the ACT Plus Writing takes a total of three hours and 50 minutes. With breaks but without Writing, the ACT is only three hours and five minutes long (or three hours and 25 minutes long if you have to take the experimental section). Some students dislike the breaks in-between sections. While it's true that breaks do make the test longer (which, in turn, requires you to keep your brain in test mode longer), they're also beneficial. During the breaks, you'll not only be able to use the restroom, but you'll also get the chance to briefly relax your mind.These actions should lead to a higher ACT score (since you won't lose time running to the restroom mid-section, for instance), which will then save you time by making it unnecessary to retake the test. Be aware that proctors occasionally forget about breaks or accidentally cut the breaks short. That said, the breaks between Math and Reading and between Science and Writing are absolutely your right as a test taker. If it seems as if a break is going to be shorter than the maximum time or get skipped over altogether, be sure to request a break.Read our guide to learn what to do if your ACT testing center experiences any problems like these. ACT Plus Writing Test-Taking Experience With Extended Time If you normally get extended time on tests in school, or if you think you might need extra time on the ACT, there are a few different accommodations that allow you to have more time. National Extended Time for ACT Plus Writing will give you sixtotal hours(including breaks) for the ACT Plus Writing.If you qualify for Special Testing time, you may receive even more time (depending on your diagnosis and the accommodations deemed necessary).Check out our guide to learn more abouthow to request and get ACT accommodations. How to Deal With the ACT Test Length: 5 Key Tips Even if you don't get extended time on the test, the ACT with Writing is still pretty long. So what can you do to prepare for such a lengthy test? Here are our top tips. #1:Build Up to It Think of the ACT with Writing as a marathon. Some people have naturally higher endurance levels than others, but everyone still needs to train in order to get up to running 26.2 miles in one go.In the case of the ACT, this means you'll need tostart out by practicing questions on individual sections, move up to taking entire sections at once, and finally work your way up to taking full-length, timed ACT practice tests (including breaks). #2:Make Your Practice Tests as Realistic as Possible It's not enough to simply practice taking a full-length ACT with Writing. If you really want to know how you'll do on test day, you'll need to take practice tests under the exact same (or close to it) conditions that you'll have on test day. This means you should wake up early on a Saturday morning to take your practice test at 8 am, and find a quiet place to take it. It also means following all time restrictions on the test, including breaks. Be sure topractice using a non-mechanical pencil, particularly on the Writing test. The more closely you can emulate real testing conditions, the better prepared you'll be for the ACT. #3:Use the Breaks Well Breaks are important for your mental and physical well-being. Get up and move around during these times if your energy levels are getting low. Make sure to bring a snack and water so you can replenish yourself quickly (and don't have to go hunting for a vending machine). Get back to your seat at least two minutes before the test resumes so that you can calm back down and reenter a test-taking mindset. If your energy or anxiety levels tend to be high during tests and you're worried that getting up and moving might break your concentration, try to at leastdo some stretches in your seat. Shaking out and stretching your hands and arms is very important (particularly before the Writing test), as your fingers can get cramped from gripping your pencil too tightly. It might also help to slowly roll around your head and stretch your neckin order to release any tension that's gathered there. #4:Get Enough Sleep Multiple Nights Before Test Day It's not just the night before that matters- making sure you have a solid night's rest two and three nights before the ACT can make a big difference. I know that for me, a bad night's sleep catches up with me a couple of days later rather than the next day! I recommend aiming for about eight or nine hours of sleep a night, or whatever amount you need to feel well rested. #5:Eat a Balanced Breakfast the Morning of the Test You don't want to have a sugar crash or an upset stomach halfway through the ACT; you also don't want to faint because you didn't eat anything that morning. So what should you do? Eat a healthy, balanced breakfast that isn't too greasy or too sugary. Protein and complex carbohydrates (rather than something sweet like cereal) are the way to go. You must ignore the seduction and sorcery that is a doughnut cupcake (?!?!?!) for your test-day breakfast. (Chris Martin/Flickr) What’s Next? Want a quick way to boost your ACT Writing score? Read our 15 tips and strategies for getting a high score on the ACT essay. Get to know the ACT Plus Writing even better with our article on how to get a perfect score on the ACT essay. Discover how the length of your ACT essay is related to your ACT Writing score. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this ACT Writing lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get your ACT essays hand-graded by a master instructor who will give you customized feedback on how you can improve. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

The Overview of a Documentary Film about New York City Movie Review

The Overview of a Documentary Film about New York City - Movie Review Example The essay "The Overview of a Documentary Film about New York City" talks about the overall impression of the film and how the character of the city of New York is presented in the film. The film gives the impression of various perspectives by taking into consideration the events of the period in regard to a diverse journalist, historians, and corresponding politicians. The New York City comes across as the main architecture the conviction of the five boys in regard to the police racial discrimination on the minorities' blacks. It is evidence on the haste judgment by the police in respect to forcing their underlying confessions and later within the press that documentary meticulously details with a deep, credible schedule. Eventually, the lives of the victims are adversely affected that of Meili mostly. The race aids in depicting the cultural and ethnopolitical leanings of the day to day events. It also assists in uncovering the racial strains amidst the police and the similar ethnic minorities in respect to the fervor and rioting occurrence. Women are depicted as the endangered species within the society that ought to be safeguarded and offered with constant protection from bad people within the organization. It is evidence when the boys admit they perform the role of committing a crime in the New York City mainly to female counterparts. Social class plays the significance role in the determination of events within the society and legal institutions that are the American elites.

Video Analysis on Love the Way You Lie Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Video Analysis on Love the Way You Lie - Article Example It also strongly implies the involvement of domestic violence in this relationship. Performed by hip-hop rapper Eminem and RnB singer Rihanna, both the song and its music video shows the perspectives of both parties. In both angles, it is clear that the two are experiencing a rough time. The relationship clearly shows how two very different people who are absolutely wrong for each other decide to stay together. This brings about a downward spiral in their relationship and just carries on to add fuel to the fire, as things spiral uncontrollably. Eminem and Rihanna, representing the voice of the couple in the relationship, is evidently having an extremely outrageous and difficult time in trying to fix a relationship that was never meant to bring any good. Both Rihanna and Eminem are currently two of the highest chart-topping artists and performers of the previous two decades. They are among the most influential people in pop culture that continues to bear a great impact on teenagers and young adults worldwide and inadvertently, both have played very public roles on the opposite ends of their own personal violent relationships. Eminem, a renowned rapper, emerged to prominence and fame in the later year of the nineties with a succession of controversial and provocative albums, some wherein he has openly expressed and suggested through rap the dark emotions and sentiments of murdering his ex-wife. On the other hand, Rihanna originally comes from Barbados has just recently endured a very public attack by her ex-boyfriend and RnB singer Chris Brown.  Ã‚